Short Biography William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-on-Avon on April 26, 1564, to a farmer named John Shakespeare. No one knows the exact date he was born, but church records show that he was baptized on April 26. Shakespeare had seven brothers and sisters. Everyone assumes he attended the grammar school in Stratford. Shakespeare didn't attend a university but at the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway. Six months after their marriage they had their first daughter, Susanna, and in 1585 they had twins, Hamnet and Judith. He is considered the world's greatest dramatist. He wrote 38 plays and 154 sonnets. William Shakespeare was an actor, a playwright, and a poet. William Shakespeare first started his career in the theatre. During the year 1594 Shakespeare career took a turning point, he joined The Lord Chamberlain's Company (formerly known as ‘Lord Strange's Men'). The Lord Chamberlain's Company was a theatrical company that Shakespeare was with for most of his professional career. He was known to play many roles, it's also assumed that he played small roles in his own plays, including Hamlet (as Hamlet father). His first biographer, Nicholas Rowe, referred to him as â€Å"the ghost of his own Hamlet†. Even Though William Shakespeare reputation is based on his plays, he actually got famous first as a poet. His first publication was Venus and Adonis in 1593. It was dedicated to 18 years old Henry Wriothesley, the third Earl of Southampton. The dedication received patronage, after receiving it Shakespeare dedicated his next dramatic poem, Lucrece, to the young lord as well.Today Shakespeare is known as the greatest playwright. By 1596 Shakespeare was very successful as a playwright. At this time Shakespeare was already a well-established actor with a great reputation. His plays were attracting a lot of interest, he had theaters fullback in the 16th century. It's impossible to know the exact date that Shakespeare started writing Hamlet, but he finished it in 1601. Hamlet is the most widely performed play, its estimated that it's being performed every minute of every day somewhere around the world. Its Shakespeare's longest play at 4,042 lines, its said that the character Hamlet has about 1530 lines, which is the most of any character that Shakespeare made. Hamlet is considered a tragedy/revenge tragedy. It was written in London, England and first published in 1603 in a pirated quarto edition titled The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet and then it was published again in 1604 in a superior quarto edition. In the play, Hamlet feels a responsibility to avenge his father's murder. Claudius, who is Hamlet uncle, is the main suspect for Hamlet's father murder but since Claudius became the king after marrying Hamlet's mother, Claudius is very protected. Making it very difficult for Hamlet to find the truth about his father murder. After becoming depressed and summoned home to attend his father's funeral, he is shocked to hear that his mother Gertrude is already remarried. Hamlet's father then comes to him as a ghost and tells him he wants him to avenge his death. The Ghost triangular relationship between Hamlet, Gertrude and Claudius is very much strong and makes the whole play.As we know the Ghost has come to Hamlet as â€Å"Hamlet's father†. In the starting of the play when Hamlet is introduce to this ghost he is very wary and doesn't trust anything he says. â€Å"GHOST: My hour is almost come. When I to sulfurous and tormenting flames. Must render up myself. HAMLET: Alas, poor ghost! GHOST: Pity me not, but lend thy serious hearing. To what I shall unfold. HAMLET: Speak. I am bound to hear. GHOST: So art thou to revenge when thou shalt hear. HAMLET: What? GHOST: I am thy father's spirit† (Act 1 Scene 5). Some literary critics would say Hamlet relationship with this ghost is just a pigment of his imagination but regardless young Hamlet just lost a person who meant a great amount to him. His mother Gertrude, keeps telling him to move on, â€Å"GERTRUDE: Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted color off, And let thine eye look like a friend on Denmark. Do not forever with thy vailà ¨d lids. Seek for thy noble father in the dust. Thou know'st 'tis common. All that lives must die, Passing through nature to eternity. HAMLET: Ay, madam, it is common. GERTRUDE: If it be, Why seems it so particular with thee? HAMLET: â€Å"Seems,† madam? Nay, it is. I know not â€Å"seems.† ‘Tis not alone my inky cloak, good mother, Nor customary suits of solemn black, Nor windy suspiration of forced breath, No, nor the fruitful river in the eye, Nor the dejected ‘havior of the visage, Together with all forms, moods, shapes of grief, That can denote me truly. These indeed â€Å"seem,† For they are actions that a man might play. But I have that within which passeth show, These but the trappings and the suits of woe.† (Act 1 Scene 1). This is a conversation Hamlet and his mother had before he met the ghost, he didn't want his mother to just tell him to stop moping about the death of his father. In fact, as the play goes along he asks his mother why isn't she moping around. In the play, Hamlet mentions, several times on different occasions that his mother committed a sin by marrying his uncle. He has a very deep angry towards his mother for doing it and he mentioned to her that he didn't want her to be his mother. Hamlet angry towards his mother wasn't created by the ghost, the ghost tells Hamlet to respect his mother at some point of the play but it doesn't stop the ghost from igniting Hamlets angry. The ghost, or better known as Hamlet father, also mentions Gertrude sins. â€Å"GHOST: Ay, that incestuous, that adulterate beast, With witchcraft of his wit, with traitorous gifts—O wicked wit and gifts, that have the power. So to seduce!—won to his shameful lust. The will of my most seeming-virtuous queen. O Hamlet, what a falling off was there! From me, whose love was of that dignity. That it went hand in hand even with the vow I made to her in marriage, and to decline Upon a wretch whose natural gifts were poor To those of mine. But virtue, as it never will be moved, Though lewdness court it in a shape of heaven,So lust, though to a radiant angel linked, Will sate itself in a celestial bed And prey on garbage.† ( Act 1 Scene 5). Hamlet's relationship with the ghost was created by the angry he felt towards Gertrude and Claudius, before the ghost mentioned ‘murder' Hamlet knew something was up not only about his mother marrying her dead husband's brother but also the fact that Claudius took the crown from him.The ghost didn't really have a relationship with Gertrude and Claudius. In fact, the only people who seem to see or conversate with the ghost is Hamlet. The ghost relationship with Gertrude is merely just the betray Hamlet father feels towards her. The ghost doesn't ask Hamlet to avenge his mother, the ghost actually tells hamlet to let God deal with her. â€Å"GHOST: Let not the royal bed of Denmark be A couch for luxury and damnà ¨d incest. But howsoever thou pursuest this act, Taint not thy mind, nor let thy soul contrive Against thy mother aught. Leave her to heaven And to those thorns that in her bosom lodge To prick and sting her. † Hamlet's father wasn't really focused on his wife. His angry was more for his brother, the one that seduced his wife, poisoned him and took his crown. Claudius gained Gertrude trust, where she would go to him about a problem rather than anybody else, for example when Hamlet kills Polonius, Gertrude confided in Claudius. She is also always defending him, some would say she loved Claudius more than she loved her own son. In act 3 scene 3, Shakespeare introduced a play within Hamlet, Claudius who was on the sidelines watching the play begun to feel remorse for killing his brother. This gave Hamlet confirmation that the ghost was telling the truth about his murder, and also the opportunity to kill Claudius. â€Å"CLAUDIUS: Thanks, dear my lord. Oh, my offense is rank. It smells to heaven. It hath the primal eldest curse upon ‘t, A brother's murder. Pray, can I not. Though inclination be as sharp as will, My stronger guilt defeats my strong intent, And, like a man to double business bound, I stand in pause where I shall first begin, And both neglect. What if this cursà ¨d hand. Were thicker than itself with brother's blood? Is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens, To wash it white as snow? Whereto serves mercy But to confront the visage of offence? And what's in prayer but this twofold force, To be forestallà ¨d ere we come to fall Or pardoned being down? Then I'll look up. My fault is past. But oh, what form of prayer Can serve my turn, â€Å"Forgive me my foul murder†? (Act 3 Scene 3). This scene made Hamlet's anger towards Claudius grow and his relationship with the ghost strong. Claudius has no clue that Hamlet knows about his sins, and although Claudius can't physically see the ghost, as he's praying he can somehow feel the ghost presences. The ghost somehow creates the main conflicts within the play without really being in the play. In conclusion, Shakespeare, the greatest playwright of all time, has left us with many mysteries in Hamlet. But one thing that we all know is that, if there wasn't a ghost the play would have no meaning. The ghost came back to the kingdom to ask Hamlet to avenge his murder, and because of this, it creates the main points of the play. In some opinion, Hamlet's madness was caused by the ghost. Some think Hamlet's madness was caused by the betrayal he felt towards his mother and uncle. Shakespeare has given us a play that leaves us wondering and looking for answers.

MOving About

Inertia is a property of matter that causes it to resist changes in velocity (speed and/or direction) (Rouse, 2005). Basically Inertia is a word we use when we talk about matter and movement (Unknown Author, Unknown Date). This idea goes all the way back to Sir Isaac Newton, a great physicist. In Newton's first law of motion it is stated that: 1 . An object at rests tends to stay in rest 2. An object in motion tends to stay in motion A great example of inertia would be if a car is driven directly into a brick wall, the car would stop because of the external force which is exerted upon by the wall.The driver requires a force to stop his body from moving forward, this can be prevented by a settable, or otherwise inertia will cause his body to keep moving forward until his body is acted upon by the same force. Newton's First Law: Newton's First Law of Motion states that â€Å"Every object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless made to change by a non-zero net force. â €  This law says if an object is accelerating, that is it experiencing a change on velocity, and then an unbalanced (or resultant or net) force must be acting upon it (Warren, N, 2004).From his law we can conclude that forces cause changes in motion (that is, accelerations)- they do not cause motion (Warren, N, 2004). . Newton's First Law, Image Courtesy by: Revision World Newton's first law is not apparent in real world situations because there are usually too many external forces acting upon objects on the Earth's surface. Common experience does not always seem to be in agreement with this law (Warren, N, 2004). A driver of a car on a level road for example, still needs to press the accelerator to move at a constant speed (Warren, N, 2004). Why does the car not accelerate?The season, of course, is that friction exists between the car and the road (Warren, N, 2004). Hence the forces in this case are balanced and so the law is valid (Warren, N, 2004). To accelerate the car, we ne ed to apply an unbalanced force, that is, press the accelerator more (Warren, N, 2004). Low Speed zone, Road Rules and Safety devices: In recent years many local councils have introduced lower speed limits and placed speed humps in streets to reduce the speed of cars (Warren, N, 2004). Evidence shows, and physics dictates, that slower moving cars cause less damage to occupants if a crash results (Warren, N, 2004).The speed humps makes it difficult for drivers to speed since they would damage their cars if they hit humps too fast (Warren, N, 2004). Low Speed zones are in place because, the lower your velocity, the less momentum you have and the quicker you can stop (Unknown Author, 2007). Low speed zones keep the risk of major damage to a minimum by decreasing the momentum of cars (Indri, U, 2011). Momentum increases with both velocity and mass, as shown in the equation (Indri, U, 2011). It is important to keep momentum low because in the equation, as the momentum (P) increases, so d oes the impact force (F) (Indri, U, 2011).Therefore lower speed zones also allow for a shorter stopping distance, reducing speed decreases the chance of a collision to take place, by decreasing the stopping distance and lowering momentum (Indri, U, 2011). Modern cars are built with many safety devices including: 1 . Seat Belts 2. Airbags 3. Crumple Zones Each of these devices works by effectively increasing the over which passengers are brought to rest in the event of collision (Warren, N, 2004). Air Bags and Crumple Zones both increase the stopping distance of a vehicle.Relating back to Impulse = Force X Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the ores put on the vehicle, and the occupants inside it (Unknown Author, 2007). Seat Belts: (Explain in terms of inertia) In 1948 Tucker cars became the first car company to include seat belts, prior to which even minor motor vehicle accidents could cause serious injury (Marshal and Gibson lawyers, 2012). In 1968, the United States was the first country in the world to make it a legal requirement that all new cars have seat belts (Marshal and Gibson lawyers, 2012).A seat belt is a safety harness designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result from a collision (Indri, U, 2011). As part of an overall occupant restraint system, seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer from hitting hard interior elements of the vehicle or other passengers and by preventing the passenger from being thrown from the vehicle (Indri, U, 2011). Most seat belts are equipped with locking mechanisms (or inertia reels) that tighten the belt when pulled fast (e. G. Y the quick force of a passenger's body during a crash) but do not tighten when pulled slowly (Indri, U, 2011). This is implemented with a centrifugal clutch, which engages as the reel spins quickly (Indri, U, 2011). Alternatively, this function may be secured by a weighted pendulum or ball bear ing: when these are deflected by deceleration or roll-over they lock into pawls on the reel (Indri, U, 2011). There are three types of inertia reel seat belts: 1. NIL-(No Locking Retractor) 2. LEER V-(Emergency Locking Retractor-vehicle sensitive) 3.LEER M-(Emergency Locking Retractor-vehicle and Webbing sensitive) Air bags: Hitcher, a retired industrial engineering technician, received a patent in 1953 for what he called a â€Å"safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles (McCormick, L, 2006). † His U. S. Patent No. As the first prototype for today's modern airbags (McCormick, L, 2006). Hitcher designed the system to reduce injuries during emergency braking and frontal collisions, according to a story in American Heritage about his invention (McCormick, L, 2006).In that story, Hitcher recalled the inspiration for his invention: â€Å"In the spring of '52, my wife, my seven-year-old daughter, Joan, and I were out for a Sunday drive in our 1948 Chrysler Windsor (McCormick , L, 2006). About three miles outside Newport, we were watching for deer bounding across the road (McCormick, L, 2006). Suddenly, there was a large rock in our path, Just past the crest of a hill (McCormick, L, 2006). I remember hitting the brakes and veering the car to the right (McCormick, L, 2006). We went into the ditch but avoided hitting both a tree and a wooden fence (McCormick, L, 2006). As I applied the brakes, both my wife and I threw our hands up to keep our daughter from hitting the dashboard during the ride home, I couldn't stop thinking about the accident (McCormick, L, 2006). I asked myself: Why couldn't some object come out to stop you from striking the inside of the car? (McCormick, L, 2006)† When he returned home, Hitcher started sketching designs for his â€Å"safety cushion. McCormick, L, 2006)† The primary purpose of the airbag is to slow the passenger's speed to zero with little or no damage (Indri, U, 2011). The constraints that it has to work wit hin are huge (Indri, U, 2011).The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with (Indri, U, 2011). Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion (Indri, U, 2011). There are three parts to an airbag that help to accomplish this feat: 1 . Air Bag: The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door. . Crash Sensors: These small pieces of electronics are designed to tell when the vehicle has been damaged in an accident (Cars Direct, 2013). They respond to several different sets of stimuli, including sudden stopping, increased pressure as pieces of the car are moved due to the force of the collision, and more (Cars Direct, 2013). A mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical contac t, telling the sensors that a crash has occurred (Indri, U, 2011).The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip (Indri, U, 2011). According to an engineering study and airbag can be deploy in 55 milliseconds. 3. Inflators: Once the control unit determines there is an accident, it sends a signal to the inflator system (Cars Direct, 2013). The inflator sets off a chemical charge, producing an explosion of nitrogen gas, filling up the airbag (Cars Direct, 2013). As the airbag fills up, it bursts through the paneling that contains it and enters into the space of the car in order to protect you (Cars Direct, 2013).Thus the use of the airbag decreases the overall force that is applied on the passenger resulting in less serious injuries and thus saves lives (Indri, U, 2011). . Impact Triggers Air Bag Inflation, Image Courtesy: Stephen Ramp Crumple Zones: The concept of the crumple zone safety feature was first used by the Mercedes-Benz engineer Bella Barrens on the 1959 model Mercedes-Benz â€Å"Fantail† (Rive, M, Unknown Year). This innovation was first patented by Mercedes-Benz in the early sass (Rive, M, Unknown Year). The patent was then granted as patent number 854157, minion (Rive, M, Unknown Year).A crumple zone is an area of the vehicle that is designed to change shape on impact with another object at high speed (Graininess, E, 2008). This is in order to redistribute the force exerted on the vehicle so that the driver remains relatively unharmed (Graininess, E, 2008). This is achieved by crafting the front and rear of the vehicle from a material that is designed to bend or collapse into itself upon impact (Graininess, E, 2008). Often, engineers will have to compromise between using a material that offers too little resistance to force and too great a resistance to force (Graininess, E, 2008).The best way to reduce the initial force in a crash with a given amount of mass and speed is to slow down the deceleration (Indri, U , 2011). You've seen this effect for yourself if you've had to slam on your brakes for any reason (Indri, U, 2011). The forces you experience in an emergency stop are much greater than when you gradually slow down for a stoplight (Indri, U, 2011). In a collision, slowing down the deceleration by even a few tenths off second can create a drastic reduction in the force involved (Indri, U, 2011). . The crumple zones and the passenger section of a car, Image Courtesy By:Mechanics Momentum In the equation Force = mass X acceleration (F=M x A), cutting the deceleration in half also cuts the force in half therefore, changing the deceleration time from . 2 seconds to . 8 seconds will result in a 75 percent reduction in total force (Graininess, E, 2008). Crumple zones accomplish this by creating a buffer zone around the perimeter of the car (Graininess, E, 2008). Certain parts of a car are inherently rigid and resistant to deforming, such as the passenger compartment and the engine (Grainine ss, E, 2008).If those rigid parts hit something, they will decelerate very quickly, resulting in a lot of force (Graininess, E, 2008). Surrounding those parts with crumple zones allows the less rigid materials to take the initial impact (Graininess, E, 2008). The car begins decelerating as soon as the crumple zone starts crumpling, extending the deceleration over a few extra tenths of a second (Graininess, E, 2008). The fundamental idea is that it takes force to damage them. Crumple zones spend as much force as possible so that other parts of the car as well as the occupants don't suffer the effects (Indri, U, 2011).Effectiveness of Safety Devices: Seat Belts: Wearing a seat belt is one of easiest ways of protecting drivers and passengers when traveling in a vehicle (Western Australia Government, 2014). Seat belts protect vehicle occupants by decreasing the time it takes them to come to a stop in a crash, spreads the impact force over a greater area of the body, minimizes contact wi th the interior of the vehicle and helps stop them from being ejected from the vehicle (Western Australia Government, 2014). Failure to wear a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other single traffic safety-related behavior (Indri, U, 2011). % of people killed in accidents are not wearing seat belts (Indri, U, 2011). Wearing a seat belt use is still the single most effective thing we can do to protect ourselves in case of an accident (Indri, U, 2011). . Seat Belts, Image Courtesy By: Tableaus Seat belts are the most effective safety devices in vehicles today, estimated to save 9,500 lives each year (Indri, U, 2011). Yet only 68 percent of the motor vehicle occupants are buckled. In 1996, more than 60 percent of the occupants killed in fatal crashes were unrestrained (Indri, U, 2011). . Fatalities where NV Occupant was Unrestrained, Image Courtesy By: AustralianGovernment As you can see from the graph above after 2007 number of fatalities who were unrestrained have decr eased over the year. This is because more effective laws came in and police patrol on roads also increased over the years. Our better understanding of safety of devices such as seat belts has also played a major part. Statistically, individuals who are in accidents that have manufacturer- installed airbags and who properly wear their seat belts have a better chance of making it out of a serious accident without serious injuries (Safer, 2006).Crumple Zones: In a typical crash scenario, the crumple zone effectively redistributes the force of impact on the vehicle, leaving the ‘safety cell' intact whilst the front or rear of the vehicle is completely deformed (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). This means that the crumple zone is working correctly (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). However, crumple zones are designed to work in tandem with the additional safety features of a modern vehicle, such as the airbags, settable and collapsible steering column (Car Safety Systems a nd Unknown Date). Crumple Zones, Image Courtesy sys; ‘(21968 Crumple zones allow the front of the vehicle to crush like an accordion, absorbing some of the impact of the collision and giving some off in the form of heat and sound (K-12 School Websites, 2006). The front of the vehicle effectively acts as a cushion that slows the time it takes for the vehicle to come to a complete stop, applying less force on passengers, which could help save their lives (K-12 School Web Pages, 2006).Newton's second law of motion, force = mass x acceleration, conveys that as the time it takes for an automobile to come to rest or change direction is increased, the force experienced by the automobile (and its occupants) is decreased (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Conversely too, if the time to stop is shorter, the force experienced is greater (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Crumple zones add time to the crash by absorbing energy (Erickson, Christopher, 2006).Air Bags: In Australia during 1997, the then Federal Office of Road Safety collaborated with UNCAP on a consumer information program comparing the injury outcome of a series of vehicle models with and without airbags (RACE, Unknown Date). The first release covered larger passenger cars that are popular with families and fleet buyers (RACE, Unknown Date). The test results showed that an airbag halves the chance of suffering a serious head injury (RACE, Unknown Date). A second series looked at the small car group which are very popular with private and first-time new car buyers (RACE, Unknown Date).Again the test results showed that an airbag at least halved the chance of suffering a serious head injury (RACE, Unknown Date). . Airbags, Image Courtesy By: Sally Dominique A recent US study has shown side airbags also to be highly effective in reducing the risk of serious injury or death, particularly those that include head protection. Previous research has shown that the installation of air bags in vehicles significantly red uces crash related deaths, but these analyses have used statistical techniques which have not been capable of controlling for other major determinants of crash survival (Barry, S, Gimping, S, O'Neill, T, 1999).Loose Objects in Cars: Every year, loose objects inside cars during crashes cause hundreds of serious injuries and even deaths (Abraham', D, Wesleyan, M, Lamar, A, 2011). Recent studies have shown that many drivers are increasing the risk of injury or death in automobile accidents by leaving items unsecured (Grubber, D, 2012). The potential angers of loose objects in vehicles are strongly associated with Newton's First Law of Motion, inertia (Cantina, 2005). For example, say a car is traveling along a straight road (Cantina, 2005).Loose objects in the auto are â€Å"acted upon† by the body, seats, or some other part of the vehicle (whatever is touching a loose object), whenever the car accelerates (Cantina, 2005). Let's say we stop the car instantaneously and turn the c ar so it faces left (Cantina, 2005). What happens to all the loose objects inside the car? They are still going to obey the First Law of Motion, and try to continue going down the straight road (Cantina, 2005). However, since the car is now both stopped and facing left, the right wall of the car is in the way of the loose objects (Cantina, 2005).At that moment everything flies towards the right wall, and the loose objects crash hard against it (Cantina, 2005). If it wasn't for seat belts, the driver and the passenger(s) would also smash into the right wall (Cantina, 2005). However despite wearing seat belts, a passenger can still feel the force that is pushing him towards the right side of the car, in this situation. If the car was extremely heavy, or was traveling at a considerable speed, then the force of the crash would be greater Cantina, 2005). This is because of Newton's second law, F=ma, the larger the acceleration or mass, the greater the force (Cantina, 2005).This makes it obvious that loose objects in vehicles are dangerous and should be placed in compartments provided (Cantina, 2005). Everything that has been explained above can be proven right by conducting a firsthand investigation. However in this investigation, one does not have to make a sharp turn or have loose objects laying around the car. One can simply place their sunglasses on the dashboard and observe its movement whenever the car turns. If the car turns right then the sunglasses will move to the left and vice versa. This is a very simple yet accurate example of inertia in the car's frame of reference.

Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate Digestion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protein, Lipid and Carbohydrate Digestion - Essay Example It is inside the stomach, where is it temporarily stored, that preliminary chemical digestion begins. Partially digested food then goes to the small intestine where much of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. The large intestine simply serves for the further absorption of water. Chemical digestion of proteins starts in the stomach. The stomach produces HCl which converts pepsinogen to pepsin. Pepsin is a kind of endopeptidase which splits the internal peptide bonds in the protein molecules. That is, it breaks the primary structure of the protein. As opposed to endopeptidases, exopeptidases split the first or last peptide bond in the polypeptide. Zymogens, a form of protease, are secreted by the pancreas, which in turn are activated by enteropeptidase. Enteropeptidases convert trypsinogen to trypsin, which then hastens the conversion of more trypsinogen to trypsin. Furthermore, other zymogens are converted by trypsin into their active forms. Carboxypeptidase is converted from procarboxypeptidase. Chymotrypsin is converted from chymotrypsinogen. Both trypsin and chymotrypsin are endopeptidases. Carboxypeptidase, on the other hand, is an exopeptidase. Protein digestion is a concerted effort of all these enzymes. Lipid or fat digestion occurs only in the small intestine. As a result, most fat/lipid molecules remain undigested when they reach the duodenum.

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Reporting results - Essay Example It is important for organizations to make such adjustments in order to provide an accurate position of the firm in respect to assets. In order to determine the depreciation expense on a given asset, an organization has to establish the initial cost of the asset, its book value, and the period taken for the value to depreciate from the cost to the book value. Nevertheless, if a firm knows the lifespan of an asset and the residual value, then calculations of depreciation of expense may be calculated. For instance, if a firm bought an asset for $50,000 and the expected lifespan and residual values are 10 years and $10,000 respectively, then the organization may use the straight line method to calculate depreciation expense as $4,000. Therefore, even though accurate stating of an organization’s financial position requires that the book or current value of an asset to be established, it is does not lead to a serious challenge in calculating the depreciation expense given the straight line method (Finkler, 2010). The straight line concept can be used in such scenarios where the cost, residual value, and the lifes pan are required. From the explanations, it is evident that the difficulty in determining the current value of an asset does not create a significant a problem in determining the depreciation expense that should be charged for a

(Part of a Business Project ) -Market Analysis- On a Product- Essay

(Part of a Business Project ) -Market Analysis- On a Product- - Essay Example Just as organic foods are becoming more and more popular this market analysis will show a direction of market growth for organic toys for mothers and children. ITS toys will be safe for toddlers to put in their mouths and the dyes and paints, made from organic materials that are childproof. Poisoning of from our toys will not be an issue from our company. This will get rid of the problem of consist recalls done other toy manufactures. The supply of our toys will come from vendors that use only the organic brand of paints and dyes. Our company needs to describe our organization that is totally customer oriented. We want our customers to know they are coming into a store that is child friendly and mom friendly. We do not want to describe our customer orientation in terms of whether it views customer relationships as long or short term. Customers will buy the benefits our toys and products provide to the customers every day. A checklist will be at our service counter and we will ask eve ry customer to fill one out when leaving the store. (1). Are we easy to do business with? Are we easy to contact? Is our information we provide fast and courteous. Are we easy to order from? Do we make reasonable promises? (2). Do we keep our promises? On product performance to, do we deliver. Did you get good service from our staff? Do you feel our staff members were helpful? (3). Do we meet the standards we set? When you asked specific questions were they answered? How was the general tone in the store? (4). Are we responsive? Do we listen? Do we follow up? Do we ask "Why not and why"? Do we treat customers as individual companies and individual people? (5). Do we work together? Do we share blame? Do we share information? Do we make joint decision? Do we provide satisfaction? (Shapiro, 13) 1. Market Segmentation for individuals and businesses Individuals: this segment is people buying a single product for their child or someone that they know. The demographics for this segment are a household income of >$50,000, have high aspirations for their children in terms of education and development and want to get started as soon as possible. Generally, they have at least an undergraduate degree with 41% of the segment having a graduate degree. Businesses: this group is buying the toys for children who are the business' clients. These organizations typically are either day care based, or school based such as nursery school or pre- school. The number of children that they care for generally ranges from seven to 25. 2. Growth rates for toys The United Stated census bureau took a wide range of products including toys and stated they increased 2.6% over the previous year. In May of 2010, LEGO came to Boston for a competition regarding there long and successful toy history. The Danish toy company LEGO sailed through the recession. The company that makes those brightly colored snap-together plastic bricks announced its profits last year jumped more than 60 percent. LEGO's success is all the more remarkable when you consider that just a few years ago, the toy company was falling apart (David, 112). II. Target Market Market segmentation is an intuitively appealing process and it makes a great deal of sense to try to find different segments of the market that are more interested in our toy product or to develop products for other segments. Given the myriad ways of segmenting markets, the task of determining which segments

Urban Development Study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Urban Development Study - Assignment Example New urbanism considers everyone in the society both the rich and the less advantaged. Real estate housing provides shelter for both the rich and the poor. Greenhouse buildings, which consume less power, are also included herein. Such buildings least pollute the environment and use natural lighting to cut on electrical consumption. Some employ special ultraviolet glass that does not allow in too much heat nor reflect it to drivers and cause accidents. In general, the idea visualizes a city where there is reduced traffic congestion, adequate housing, and rise in suburban extension. Bicol River, the river of our time points at the importance of rivers more so in transport. The river is able to accommodate relatively large vessels. Rivers form part of the hydrologic cycle when it comes to precipitation, water provision, cool environment, maintaining water tables amongst others. The Bicol River has allowed Catholics living in the area in their annual Virgin Mary celebrations. This boosts cultural identity that in turn spurs environmental protection and encourages social bonding. Embracing culture encourages the community to stick together and care for each other. Jane Jacobs urban wisdom tries to seek and a plea for the rights of those who live in the slums. Urban planners feel that slums deprive the society of the clean environment causing more harm than good. Urban planners carry out land use analysis and opt to destroy slums since their cost-benefit ratio is not convincing. She developed concepts such as the mixed up development, which was not openly accepted. Mixed developments, integration pedestrian connections are a few examples. The focus is to allow adequate housing, reduce travel distance, stronger and more compact neighborhood amongst others.  

Macroeconomics (credit card impact) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Macroeconomics (credit card impact) - Coursework Example Going by this definition of money, it is evident that credit cards do not qualify as money. However, credit cards are still a common mode of purchase among the citizens because of three main reasons. Credit cards offer a simplified method of purchase for consumers, since they do not have to carry hard cash (Zandi and Singh, 2010). The second reason is that credit cards offer a quick method out of emergencies, since individuals do not have to travel long distances to find cash (Zandi and Singh, 2010). The credit cards benefits that come along with the use of the card is also an advantage, since most credit facilities expect an interest charge, so they offer incentives (Zandi and Singh, 2010). According to Debt Resources (2012), the main impact of credit cards on the economy is the increase in debts in the economy, since many people accrue interest payments that they cannot afford to pay. Many of the debts that are accrued to credit cards end up being written off as bad debts, which reduces the credit history of most consumers in the market. This reduces the spending power of consumers, since they have to allocate their earnings to paying off debts, which in turn reduces the economic growth of a

Competition in the Bottled Water Industry in 2006 Essay

Competition in the Bottled Water Industry in 2006 - Essay Example The bottled water industry has expansively grown over the years. In the US, people consume billions of bottles of water, each week. On the average, the American population use close to $16 billion dollars on bottled water. It is expected that by the year 2020, the industry will account for $148 billion, from the $70 billion in 2005. The growth rate of the bottled water industry is remains positive, because most companies are increasingly shifting from bulk productions to bottled water (McEachern 130). Here, there are different competitors, who compete to be the best in the market. The key competitors, Nestle, Pepsi, Coca Cola, and Groupe Danone have developed effective strategies, which have made them to remain key players in the industry. Therefore, it is challenging for local sellers to compete with them. There are new entrants, and these introduce lower prices in order to compete favorably. A new trend in the bottled water industry is the production of the â€Å"enhanced waters.à ¢â‚¬  This are highly priced, thus, more profits for producing companies. The bottled water industry faced a high threat of substitute products. These mostly include the healthier products. Flavored water, vitamin added water, and non-calories water is the key substitute products of bottled water. ... Furthermore, the bargaining power of suppliers is quite low. This is because of the large number of existing suppliers in the industry. Similarly, the bargaining power of customers is medium. Since water is a basic commodity, consumers will not cease buying it due to increased prices; however, they can choose different brands from the available producers. Intense competition in the industry is a major competitive force in the industry. This is owing to the fact that the number of key global competitors in the industry is small. In addition, new entrants in the industry might base on the fierce competition to compete aggressively using product pricing. Furthermore, differentiation is an important factor in the bottled water industry. Therefore, developing the product is important in order to beat competition, as a new entrant. Nonetheless, basing on these factors, this industry is attractive for both the existing and new entrants, as long as they adopt effective strategies to counter competition. The major competitors in the bottled industry use different strategies to remain relevant in the market. Nestle is the world’s leading seller of bottled water. In 2005, this company had a market share of 18.3%. By 2004, this had 77 brands in 130 countries. The major strategies for this company are its low product pricing, and entering into joint ventures. Additionally, the production of enhanced waters since 2006 has boosted its profits. On the other hand, Dasani, the brand of Coca Cola, has also enabled the company to make great profits. In 2005, Coca Cola Company invested $20 million in the advertisement of Dasani, and distributed to all retail channels of Coca Cola Company. In 2006, Coca Cola diversified Dasani brand to include fruit-flavor.

How does the USA Today Function as Civic Culture Essay Example for Free

How does the USA Today Function as Civic Culture Essay The family is the basic unit of any particular society or community. It is therefore imperative that for the society to exist the family has to be there to produce members into the community. The community or national character any particular country is basically determined by the nature of the family values. An individual is shaped in the early ages by the family. In the contemporary society there are increased diversity changes in the family a characteristic of the many changes in culture, political, economic, social, and psychological and even the environment. The content definition of has not been agreed upon because of the great changes that are so accommodating. In the previous many years the family was considered as the people who are related by blood. This definition based on the kinship ties has been revoked due to the influence of many forms of families which has stripped off the family its actual definition. For instance there can husband and wife who do not have any kinship ties and they go ahead to adopt children. Another case that has changed such a definition of the family based on kinship ties is the increasing number of intermarriage within the context of race or ethnicity. This brings out a mixture of offspring and therefore it is difficult to trace the family bonds based on kinship ties. The issue of who is next to kin is no longer important in the current families. The most common aspect in the current families is the bonding based on mutual understanding. The many changes of husband and wife have been changed by the introduction of lesbianism and gay. These try to go against the grain of opposite gender type of marriage. The concept of marriage has changed from opposite gender type of marriage to a mixture of gay, lesbianism and opposite gender marriages. These are some of the dynamisms that are facing the contemporary families. This paper shall give an indebt analysis of the family, the changes in roles and functions of the families and the general effects of such changes to the contemporary families. A close reference and examples shall be drawn from the US and Mexico, the countries that border each other geographically. The contrasting differences I n family issues shall be pointed out clearly. Family life in the United States The family relationship in the United States has undergone several transformations due to the effect of globalization. Race and ethnicity are the most significant factors in shaping the variety of values, attitudes and behaviour amongst the families in the United States. There are a number of changes in families in the United States. These changes range from political, social, economic, and psychological to spiritual. The social dislocations have given rise to new ideas and values especially there is increased individualism among the members of the community. In the US there increased diversity in the organizational structures. There are many cases of divorce and separation in the United Stated which has grabbed the family the unity and love that is supposed to be enjoyed. Most the single families that are common in the US are as a result of divorce and remarriage due to greater democratization. (Hines Morrison, 2005) Cultural diversity in the US is accounting for the many different types of families that have emerged in the recent past. The United States constitutes almost all races and ethnic groups in the world. For this reason there are diverse cultural values as a resulting of this contact. The factor that there are free intermarriages between these diverse races and ethnic groups has made the US to have diverse cultural values which transcend the native culture. The immigrants who move to the United State try to maintain their native language despite the fact that they are forced to learn the official language of the United States, which is English. The immigrants from Spanish speaking countries (Hispanic) when they move to the United States they try to maintain their languages. The culture of the people is usually transmitted through language and due to the numerous languages in the United States there exists different cultures. This means that there are very many family clusters formed through the sharing of the languages. For instance most of the Hispanic immigrants have formed family clusters in the sides of Florida. The black American speaks a variety of English as they identify themselves as belonging or originating from one family. These disparities have affected the notion of the family because these people are allowed to mix freely with people from different cultures. The concept of the family in the United States is changing even the more during the advent of the green card where people from different pasts acquire citizenship. Many people from different races and ethnic groups have found their way to the US and as such most of them are allowed to move with their families. The nuclear family still remains an ideal source of the society in the United States. The United States families are characterized by the great social stratification. In the United the families are organized according to different classes. Among these classes there are great disparities in terms of economic value. The choice of families has not taken shift from mutual understanding to materials and resources. This has affected relationships from a sociological point of view. This issue of the class is a dominant phenomenon among the families in the United States as those who are rich wants to maintain the status quo. This is done through the inheritance that is passed within the nuclear families. The nuclear families in the United States are created and broken up and then reconstituted. This has led to the decline of family values which consequently affects the family patterns. This diversity in family pattern has been identified as the cause of problems such as violence, crime and drug use in the united state. The parents are usually very busy with their duties (United States, Congress, 1992). The increasing cases of divorce and separation in the United States have a negative effect on maintaining the ideal norms of the nuclear family value. The families that are exposed to values outside the parental domain are likely to deviate from norms. The human rights in the United States are considered fundamental. There is protection of the universal human right which is a recipe to the process of democratization. This the reason why the US government invest huge amount of money in education health and other basic sectors so as to enhance the promotion of the human rights among the citizens. The Family Life in Mexico Most people have preferred to live in Mexico for a variety of reasons such as social, political, economic and even good climatic reasons. Living in Mexico requires one to learn the Spanish language so as to increase effective communication. This is because the families are socialized in the Spanish language. The Mexican people are extremely warm and friendly as they are organized in smaller communities that come from the mutually intelligible families. This means that the socialization process is high since there tow much contact between the families. The family bonds are tightly held together and for this reason there is cultural uniformity. The society per se is integrated under common cultural values through the common language shared. Piped water is relatively inexpensive, but not always potable (drinkable). Decades of under-investment, combined with an attitude of impertinence towards paying water bills, has left Mexicos mains water system in poor condition. As a result, most people purchase bottled water, often in 20L containers. Bottled water is very expensive. Rents in Mexico can be higher than in equivalent-sized US towns or cities if the place is popular or fashionable, particularly places within easy reach of the US border. Mexico has a centralized economy: that is, most of the countrys economic activity revolves around. The Mexican pace of life is relatively slower than in the US Especially when the life in major cities is given consideration. The families in Mexico are closely tied as most of the families have time to attend to their families. There is a high degree of parental responsibility among the families. This transcends to greater heights of good values that the society enjoys. Mexico’s culture has a rich history in a consolidated family religion, people and tradition. The Mexican people are proud of their culture that they keep on passing from one generation to another. This is because there is little infusion of the foreign cultures. The family is the basic unit in Mexico and a cornerstone to the maintenance of the culture. The rate of socialization and interaction among these people is too high. It is a usual phenomenon to meet two or more families meeting for a common interest or for a special event. This part of the family function in Mexico, people in Mexico have free time to visit resort centers for the purpose of relaxation which is not a common phenomenon in the United States, where people are too busy. (Heymann, 2006) The Mexican People are too religious which is a big contrast with the United States where people feel that they are in control; of their own life. A large number of people are Christian and they are usually committed to going to church. When you walk in the Mexican homes it is easy for you to see the religious images. In America people stay a non-religious life thus an effect of religious intermingling that has made it difficult for the people to which religious practice to adopt. Thus they resign from subscribing to any of the religious practice. The social stratification is not prevalent in the Mexican family as it is in the United States; people are seeking for money the Mexican people strive for titles. The professionals in Mexico prefer to be addressed with the titles that they deserve. This is as a result of the traditional emphasis given to the tittles within the family domain. The economic living standards in Mexico are slightly lower than in the United State. There are many poor people in Mexico than in the United States. The impact of these high levels of poverty in Mexico has necessitated the immigration of most Mexican families to the United States in search of better jobs and pay of most illegal immigrants from Mexico have gotten their way into the United States through the Mexican borders. These immigrants have settled in cities such as Florida. Working in the United States gives them better pay. This aspect of brain drain is lowering the general development of the families in Mexico as most of the people move leaving behind other family members Basically the cost of living in Mexico is lower than that of the US particularly for agricultural produce. Other sectors such as transport and communication are also lower in Mexico than I n the United States. Other utilities as electricity are more expensive compared to the United State. Working families in the United States, observing how parents struggled to find a balance between caring for children and earning a decent income. When parents split and one of the parents went from Mexico to the United States and was no longer available to give the necessary care, families suffer. What significantly exacerbates the problem is when the borders are so tight that they prevent families from reuniting. This has been a common phenomenon when the immigrants are not given the opportunity by the America to even visit their families in back home in Mexico. (Poole M. et al, 1993) Globalization of the economy created increased pressure for workers to accept lower labor standards, accept lower wages, longer hours, fewer benefits, and less paid leave. Both Nations likewise feel pressure from economic globalization not to implement family-friendly policies, such as paid leave for illness or when a child is sick, or paid parental leave. And that leaves working families struggling to balance work and their care-giving duties. The globalization process has affected families in both Mexico and United States economy was transforming the relationship between work and care-giving in similar ways everywhere. Globalization has forcing both countries to at a very high pace as far as labor standards and social policies are concerned hence leaving working parents with less and less time to raise their children. Parents work has shifted markedly around the world and that goes for every region. The child rearing process has been left in the hands of maids who offer supportive care while the parents are away working till late hours of the day. Men in particular have been moving away from one place to another in search of better jobs especially in various industries. Globalization has made men and women to work day and night and this has made them move away from their homes to go work in various places. A good example is that of outsourcing where people work in shifts where some work during the day and others at night. Women, likewise, have moved into the paid labor force and away from the home. From the period between 1960 and 2000 the number of women in the labor force went from 26 to 38 percent in America. The percentage of women in the workplace has increased both in the United States and Mexico. This has adversely affected the family care services that were provided by the women while their men were working in various sectors. This is a result of civilization which been brought about by the factors such as education, religion, work, urbanization among others. These factors have changed the various roles that were supposed to be executed by the family so as to prepare an individual to be a responsible member of the society. (Cecil, 1992) What has happened is that the world has seen women get better job opportunities which has assisted then them raise income to cater for their families. The increased number of single parent families has made it possible for the women to struggle to get money for rearing their families. While this is was going on there is also massive urbanization occurring all across the world. Thats not necessarily a bad thing, as people who move from very poor rural areas to urban areas often get better jobs, and become less dependent on, for instance, a good rain to feed their families. (Rowntree, Lewis, Price Wyckoff, 2006). References Hines D. A. , Morrison K. (2005) Family Violence in the United States: Defining, Understanding, and Combating. Sage Publisher. Heymann J. (2006) Forgotten Families: Ending the Growing Crisis Confronting Children and Working Parents in the Global Economy. Oxford University Press Poole M. et al (1993) Family: Changing Families, Changing Times. Allen Unwin publisher. Robinson, Cecil. (1992). No short journeys: The interplay of cultures in the history and Literature of the borderlands. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Rowntree L. , Lewis M. , Price M. and Wyckoff W. (2006). Diversity amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development. United States, Congress. House America’s (1992) Families: Conditions, Trends, Hopes, and Fears: Family policy. United States, Congress, House publisher.

Looking At Classroom Etiquette English Language Essay

Looking At Classroom Etiquette English Language Essay A classroom environment is different from most social environments that a student may encounter in his academic life. What is expected of me? is a question most commonly asked by every student. Students who differ in personality, interests, learning styles, and levels of thinking can be seen in any class. In such a situation and for the smooth running of a class, certain rules, regulations, moral standards, and procedures are created and have to be strictly followed by students in classrooms. The guidelines that have to be followed by students to maintain acceptable classroom environment are known as Classroom Etiquettes. Classroom rules can be made by the institution or by the instructor; however, it is always helpful to maintain appropriate classroom situations. As a student, this is expected of you irrespective of: Who you are Where you are from What your ability is What your motivational level is What your personality is A student is expected to maintain and follow rules and regulations which are put forward for the best of all. Top Classroom Etiquettes Arrive to Class on Time There are always going to be days when a previous professor keeps you late, or you wake up late, or it takes you too long to find a parking space, but the point here is do not be habitually late to class. Whether you mean it or not, regularly arriving late to the class, signals a level of disrespect to the class and the teacher. If you have problems getting to class on time, find a way to solve them. And on those rare days when you do arrive late, remember to enter the room by excusing yourself softly and quietly and not make a big scene. Turn Off Your Cell Phone Most beepers and cell phones can be set to vibrate rather than produce a sound, so they should be less of a problem.   These devices should be turned off if they cannot be set to a silent mode.   Some phones are pretty noisy even on vibrate.   Of course, you should not answer your cell phone during class.   If you are expecting a really important call (e.g., wife going into labor, call for an interview), then it might be a good idea to inform the instructor before class so its less of a distraction if you leave the classroom to take the call. You should also sit near a door so you can make an unobtrusive exit. Computers and recording equipment Few students ask permission to take their class notes on a laptop or to record the lectures.   This depends on the circumstances and you should definitely ask the instructor in advance.   Researchers have found that it has been impractical in most cases to use a computer to take meeting notes and it would not be allowed to record most meetings.   Thus, learning to take good notes is an important skill to have even outside the classroom.   More students seem to be using laptops for class.   Unfortunately, if a wireless connection is available in classrooms, the students may surf websites or perform tasks other than taking class notes with their laptops.   Again, such activities are likely distracting to those around the student (e.g., those sitting behind who see something unrelated to the course on the computer screen) as well as the instructor.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Be Attentive in Class If you are going to make the effort to arrive on time and be in class, you should also make the effort to stay actively engaged in class. Some professors report observing students reading the student newspaper or even reading a textbook for a different class; some report seeing students completing homework for their next class. Flaunting your boredom or disinterest in the class is rude and very inappropriate. Finally, avoid falling asleep in class or staring out the window. Sitting in the Class Inappropriate ways of sitting is another poor etiquette shown by students. Some students stretch as if they are out of bed. Putting legs apart is very annoying. Laying with the head on the desk, as if somebody is reading a bedtime story. Yawning, is equal to saying to the instructor, please cut off I cannot stand your boring class. Do Not Bring Food or Drink to Class In many classroom buildings, food is not even allowed, so youre not only displaying poor etiquette, but actually breaking a rule. Make time outside of class to have a meal or a snack not in class. Many professors do tolerate drinks, such as water, coffee, soda but make certain of the professors policy before bringing your drink to class. Contribute to the Class Discussion When Appropriate Just about all professors appreciate a strong dialogue in the classroom, but not when the comments are unwanted or inappropriate. Do respond when the professor seeks input or asks for questions or discussion. Dont interrupt the professor or another student, and dont dominate the discussion let other people have a chance to talk and contribute to the dialogue. Talking in Class   There are two aspects to this.   First, conversations need to stop when the instructor is ready to begin class.   This certainly doesnt mean that there has to be dead silence the second the instructor enters the room.   Most instructors take a few moments to arrange books and notes, check or prepare computer or other equipment, or have brief conversations with teaching assistants or students.   Even so, when the instructor makes it clear that class is starting, other conversations should be quickly finished.   Second, there may be times when one needs to ask a question of a person sitting nearby.    Brief, and quiet, comments along the lines of What was that point? or Was that argument correct? are certainly understandable.   You should not, however, carry on conversations in class.   This is true even if they happen to be related to the topic.   Even if such conversations are relatively quiet and do not seem to disturb anyone nearby, they can be distracting to the instructor, not to mention rude. Dress code There are particular problems in classes related to the dress. This is not always about the fashion, but about the local culture. No dress that may disrespect the culture and values of the nation should be worn by a student. The dress should not signal any disrespect to the instructor. No micro/minis or revealing clothes for the females and no boxer shorts or shorts above the knees and half selves tea-shirts revealing their arm pits are allowed in the classrooms. ADU has a clear dress code that students must follow. Therefore, any style of dress that violates the Universitys dress code policy should be avoided. Addressing the Professor Properly Many faculties are insulted when students do not address them properly. Many full-time university faculty members have a doctorate degree and have earned the right to be addressed as Dr. Smith rather than Mr. or Ms. Smith, but Mr. or Ms. should mainly be used for those without a PhD or other doctorate.   This will mostly apply to TAs or new faculty who may not have finished their degree.   Doctor will be correct for anyone with a doctorate. Professor is correct for anyone with a doctorate on the faculty.   That will include all ranks of professor (assistant, associate, full, and visiting).   The choice between Doctor and Professor is mainly a matter of personal choice.   Your best clue will likely be how the person lists his or her name on the syllabus or during an initial introduction.   Also, many TAs will invite you to refer to them by their first names. (Professors might as well.)   Thats fine, but until you are invited to do so be a bit more formal.   Better to b e invited to be less formal than to be corrected for being overly familiar. Stay for the Entire Class There may be times when you need to leave class early, but do not make a habit of doing so. If you do need to leave class early, the best solution is to alert the professor ahead of time and then discretely leave the classroom so as not to disturb the other students. If you do need to leave early pick a seat close to the door to make a quick and quiet exit. Avoid Signaling, Sending Signs That Class Time is up Students must not attempt to signal that class is over by shutting their books loudly, unzipping and zipping their bags and otherwise making noises that class time is complete. Some students actually get up and walk out of class. Of course, some professors make a habit of going over class time, but most of them know how to tell time and most of them have a watch or other ways to tell time. It is presumptuous and rude for the student to tell the professor that class is over. If your professor does seem to have a problem with ending class on time, chat with him or her outside of class especially if it is making you late for your next class. Contact the Professor When You Have to Miss Class When you have to miss class for legitimate reasons or when you miss class because of illness, try to contact the professor and inform him/her of your absence. You may even be able to obtain copies of lecture notes or schedule a meeting during office hours to discuss what you missed. Do not, however, ask the professor in class to go over material you missed (for whatever reasons). And when alerting the professor about having to miss a class, do not begin the conversation with the awful question, are we doing anything important in the next class because I have to miss it? (If the professor was not planning to do anything, the class would probably be canceled, right?) Proper classroom etiquette should be common sense for most students. Being courteous will predispose the professor to like/respect you and set an example for other less-informed students. *******************************************